What Best Describes Bipolar Neurons

Neuron with only one axon and i dendrite

Bipolar neuron
Bipolar nerve cell from the spinal ganglion of the state highway.
Details
Identifiers
Latin	neuron bipolare
TH	H2.00.06.1.00050
FMA	67282
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy [edit on Wikidata]

A bipolar neuron, or bipolar cell, is a blazon of neuron that has 2 extensions (ane axon and one dendrite). Many bipolar cells are specialized sensory neurons for the manual of sense. As such, they are part of the sensory pathways for smell, sight, taste, hearing, touch, balance and proprioception. The other shape classifications of neurons include unipolar, pseudounipolar and multipolar. During embryonic development, pseudounipolar neurons begin as bipolar in shape but become pseudounipolar as they mature.^[one]

Common examples are the retina bipolar jail cell, the ganglia of the vestibulocochlear nerve,^[2] the extensive apply of bipolar cells to transmit efferent (motor) signals to control muscles, olfactory receptor neurons in the olfactory epithelium for scent (axons course the olfactory nerve), and neurons in the spiral ganglion for hearing (CN VIII).

In the retina [edit]

Often found in the retina, bipolar cells are crucial as they serve equally both direct and indirect cell pathways. The specific location of the bipolar cells allow them to facilitate the passage of signals from where they commencement in the receptors to where they go far at the amacrine and ganglion cells. Bipolar cells in the retina are also unusual in that they do not fire impulses similar the other cells found inside the nervous system. Rather, they laissez passer the information past graded signal changes. Bipolar cells come in two varieties, having either an on-center or an off-center receptive field, each with a surround of the contrary sign. The off-center bipolar cells have excitatory synaptic connections with the photoreceptors, which burn continuously in the dark and are hyperpolarized (suppressed) by light. The excitatory synapses thus convey a suppressive signal to the off-center bipolar cells. On-center bipolar cells have inhibitory synapses with the photoreceptors and therefore are excited by low-cal and suppressed in the dark.^[three]

In the vestibular nerve [edit]

Bipolar neurons exist within the vestibular nerve as it is responsible for special sensory sensations including hearing, equilibrium and movement detection. The majority of the bipolar neurons belonging to the vestibular nervus be within the vestibular ganglion with axons extending into the maculae of utricle and saccule as well every bit into the ampullae of the semicircular canals.^[four]

In the spinal ganglia [edit]

Bipolar cells are also institute in the spinal ganglia, when the cells are in an embryonic condition.

Sometimes the extensions, also called processes, come off from opposite poles of the cell, and the cell then assumes a spindle shape.

In some cases where two fibers are apparently connected with a cell, one of the fibers is really derived from an bordering nerve cell and is passing to cease in a ramification around the ganglion prison cell, or, once again, it may be coiled helically effectually the nerve process which is issuing from the prison cell.

In the cognitive cortex [edit]

Von Economo neurons, as well known every bit spindle neurons, found in a few select parts of the cerebral cortex of apes and some other intelligent animals, possess a single axon and dendrite and equally such take been described as bipolar.^[5] ^{[half dozen]}

Additional images [edit]

Retinal Bipolar Prison cell

References [edit]

^ Vanderah, Todd W. (2015). Nolte'south The Human Brain : An Introduction to Its Functional Anatomy. Gould, Douglas J., Nolte, John. (7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA. ISBN9781455728596. OCLC 895731173.
^ Bipolar+cell Archived 2016-04-03 at the Wayback Machine at eMedicine Lexicon
^ "David Hubel's Centre, Brain and, Vision". Archived from the original on 2018-07-20. Retrieved 2014-05-06 .
^ Clinically Oriented Anatomy
^ Allman, John M.; Tetreault, Nicole A.; Hakeem, Atiya Y.; Manaye, Kebreten F.; Semendeferi, Katerina; Erwin, Joseph Thousand.; Park, Soyoung; Goubert, Virginie; Hof, Patrick R. (April 2011). "The von Economo neurons in fronto-insular and anterior cingulate cortex". Register of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1225 (i): 59–71. Bibcode:2011NYASA1225...59A. doi:x.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06011.10. ISSN 0077-8923. PMC3140770. PMID 21534993.
^ Cauda, Franco; Geminiani, Giuliano Carlo; Vercelli, Alessandro (2014). "Evolutionary appearance of von Economo'southward neurons in the mammalian cerebral cortex". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. eight: 104. doi:ten.3389/fnhum.2014.00104. ISSN 1662-5161. PMC3953677. PMID 24672457.

This commodity incorporates text in the public domain from page 722 of the 20th edition of Gray's Beefcake (1918)